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A  HISTORY 


OF    THE 


EMBLEM  OF  THE  CODFISH 


IN   THE 


Hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 


COMPILED    BY   A   COMMITTEE   OF  THE   HOUSE. 


"  Xo  sea  but  what  is  rexed  by  their  fisheries,  no  climate  that  is  not  witness  to  their 
toils." — Edmund  Burke. 


BOSTON : 
WRIGHT   AND   POTTER   PRINTING   CO.,    STATE   PRINTERS, 

18  Post  Office  Square. 
1895. 


■&s 


',ls  ^a 


PEEFAOE. 


The  committee  having  in  charge  the  compila- 
tion of  the  history  of  the  codfish,  being  unable 
to  incorporate  in  the  work  the  action  of  the 
Legislature  subsequent  to  the  filing  of  their 
report,  deemed  it  best  not  to  chronicle  therein 
any  of  the  proceedings  of  the  present  year, 
but  to  summarize  briefly  the  several  acts  and 
resolves  and  present  them  as  an  introduction, 
thus  furnishing  in  one  work  all  that  appears 
of  record  concerning  this  historical  emblem. 

The  members-elect  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives for  the  year  1895  assembled  in  the 
accustomed  chamber  in  the  "  Bulfinch  front " 
January  2  and  organized.  The  House  was  to 
meet  on  the  following  day  in  the  new  chamber, 
in  the  State  House  extension. 

The  question  of  taking  with  it  the  "  represen- 
tation of  a  codfish,"  which  for  more  than  a  hun- 
dred years  had  never  missed  a  "  roll  call,"  was 
brought  up  for  consideration.  It  was,  however, 
deemed   wise    to    investigate    the    significance   of 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


the  emblem  before  its  removal,  to  which  end  the 
following  order,  on  motion  of  Representative 
Ernest  W.  Roberts  of  Chelsea,  was  unanimously 
adopted :  — 

Ordered,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to 
prepare  and  report  to  the  House  the  complete  history  of 
the  codfish  suspended  in  the  chamber  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  note  that  this  was  the 
last  business  transacted  in  the  old  chamber.  On 
Thursday,  January  10,  Representatives  Ernest  W. 
Roberts  of  Chelsea,  Richard  W.  Irwin  of  North- 
ampton and  James  A.  Gallivan  of  Boston  were 
appointed  the  committee  to  prepare  the  history. 
After  nearly  two  months  of  painstaking  research 
and  investigation  their  report  Avas  submitted  to 
the  House,  and  on  Monday,  March  4,  the  fol- 
lowing order  was  offered  by  Mr.  "Woodfall  of 
Rochport :.  — 

Ordered,  That  the  Sergeant-at-Arms  be  and  is  hereby 
directed  to  cause  the  immediate  removal  of  the  ancient 
' '  representation  of  a  codfish "  from  its  present  position 
in  the  chamber  recently  vacated  by  the  House,  and  to 
cause  it  to  be   suspended  in  a  suitable   place  over  the 


EMBLEM   OF  THE   CODFISH. 


Speaker's  chair  in  this  chamber,  in  order  that  the 
House  of  1895  may  further  the  intent  and  purpose  of 
the  House  of  1784,  wherein  it  voted  to  "  haug  the 
representation  of  a  codfish  in  the  room  where  the  House 
sit,  as  a  memorial  of  the  importance  of  the  cod  fish- 
ery to  the  welfare  of  this  Commonwealth,  as  had 
been  usual  formerly ; "  and  that  a  committee  of  fifteen 
members  accompany  the  Sergeant-at-Arms  when  said 
memorial  is  transferred  to  this  chamber. 

Consideration  of  this  order  was,  on  motion  of 
the  same  gentleman,  postponed  until  March  7,  and 
specially  assigned  for  half-past  two  o'clock  p.m., 
at  which  time  it  was  debated  at  length. 

Mr.  Brown  of  Gloucester,  during  the  debate, 
presented  the  following  resolutions,  and  asked 
unanimous  consent  that  they  be  entered  in  the 
Journal  of  the  House.  There  being  no  objec- 
tion, the  request  was  granted :  — 

To  the  Honorable  House  of  Representatives. 

Whereas,  The  question  of  the  removal  of  the  old  cod- 
fish, so  many  years  a  feature  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, is  being  considered  in  our  State  Legislature  ;  and 

Whereas,  The  city  of  Gloucester  having  from  the 
earliest  settlement  been  prominently  identified  with  the 
fishing  industry,  which  was  prosecuted  previous  to 
the   Revolution    so    successfully  as   to   make    Gloucester 


6 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


the  second  town  in  size  in  the  county  of  Essex  at  that 
time,  and  has  since  so  increased  as  to  make  this  city  the 
largest  fishing  port  in  the  country ;  therefore 

Resolved,  That  the  Business  Men's  Association  of  the 
City  of  Gloucester  desire  to  place  themselves  on  record 
as  favoring  the  retention  of  this  ancient  emblem  of  our 
industry,  which  is  so  interwoven  into  the  prosperity  of 
our  old  Commonwealth  from  its  earliest  history,  and  as 
a  testimonial  to  the  sterling  qualities  of  the  pioneers 
whose  labors  builded  so  firmly  the  foundations  on  which 
rest  so  firmly  the  stability  of  our  institutions. 

To  those  familiar  with  the  history  and  development  of 
Massachusetts  there  is  nothing  about  the  State  House 
more  interesting  or  more  suggestive  than  this  codfish. 
It  tells  of  commerce,  war,  diplomacy ;  of  victories  won 
by  Massachusetts.  It  symbolizes  the  sources  of  our 
original  wealth ;  the  nursery  of  those  mariners  who 
manned  the  gun-decks  of  our  frigates ;  our  issues  and 
struggles  with  England. 

The  number  of  pounds  of  codfish  landed  at  the  port 
of  Gloucester  during  the  year  1894  was  43,000,000. 
In  addition,  10,000,000  pounds  were  also  landed  by 
her  fleets  at  other  ports,  making  a  total  in  round  num- 
bers of  53,000,000  pounds  of  this  valuable  fish  product 
wrested  from  old  ocean  by  the  hardy  Gloucester  fisher- 
men in  a  single  year. 


George   H.   Proctor, 
Samuel   D.    Hildreth, 
Wm.    Frank  Parsons, 

Committee. 


Gloucester,  Jan.  17,  1895. 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH. 


After  debate,  the  previous  question  having 
been  ordered,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Grover  of  Can- 
ton, the  order  was  adopted,  and  the  Speaker 
appointed  the  following  members  as  the  com- 
mittee: Messrs.  Woodfall  of  Rockport,  Tarr 
of  Gloucester,  Gauss  of  Salem,  Wadden  of 
Marblehead,  Brown  of  Gloucester,  Jordan  of 
Salem,  Foss  of  Cottage  City,  Russell  of  Salem, 
Cook  of  Provincetown,  Irwin  of  Northampton, 
Roberts  of  Chelsea,  Gallivan  of  Boston,  Bullock 
of  Manchester,  Stocker  of  Beverly  and  Gardner 
of  Nantucket. 

The  committee  immediately  proceeded,  under 
the  escort  of  Sergeant-at-Arms  J.  G.  B.  Adams, 
to  the  discharge  of  its  duty.  Upon  arriving  at 
the  chamber  of  the  old  House  of  Representa- 
tives, the  emblem  was  lowered  from  its  abiding 
place  by  John  Kinnear,  assistant  doorkeeper  of 
the  House,  wrapped  in  the  American  flag,  de- 
posited upon  a  bier,  and  borne  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  by  Messengers  Edwin  Gould,  T. 
F.  Pedrick,  Frank  Wilson  and  Sidney  Gardner. 
As  the  procession  entered  the  House  the  mem- 
bers arose,  the  historic  emblem  was  received 
with  a  vigorous  round  of  applause,  and  was  de- 


8 


HISTOIIY   OF   THE 


posited  upon  a  table  in  front  of  the  Speaker's 
desk. 

Thereupon  the  committee  appointed  to  compile 
the  complete  history  of  the  codfish  suspended  in 
the  chamber  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
submitted  their  report,  which  was  read  by  Messrs. 
Roberts  and  Gallivan,  and  Mr.  Irwin  delivered 
the  address  herein  contained. 

The  same  day  Mr.  Gauss  of  Salem  introduced 
on  leave  a  Resolve  providing  for  the  publication 
of  the  report  of  the  committee,  together  with  the 
speech  of  Mr.  Irwin. 

Mr.  Roberts  of  Chelsea  also  introduced  a 
Resolve  providing  for  the  painting  of  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  codfish  and  suspending  the 
same  in  the  chamber  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, to  be  done  under  the  direction  of 
the  Speaker  of  the  House.  Both  of  these 
resolves  were  adopted  March  12  and  referred  to 
the  committee  on  Finance. 

On  March  25  the  resolves  were  reported  from 
the  committee  on  Finance  "  ought  to  pass,"  and 
were  adopted. 

Monday,  April  29,  the  following  order,  offered 
by  Mr.  Roe  of  "Worcester,  was  adopted :  — 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH.  9 

Ordered,  That  the  historic  figure  of  the  codfish,  when 
suspended,  be  placed  opposite  the  Speaker's  chair,  be- 
tween the  two  sets  of  central  columns,  and  under  the 
names  "Motley"  and  "Parkman." 

The   emblem  was    painted  by   Mr.  "Walter   M. 

Brackett  of  Boston,    a  well-known  and  talented 

artist,  and  was  suspended  in  its  present  position 

May  6. 

Ernest  W.  Roberts. 

Richard  "W.  Irwin. 

James  A.  Gallivan. 


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Report  of  the  Committee. 


Commontocaltb  uf  Htussacljusctts. 

House  of  Representatives,  March  7,  1895. 

The  committee  appointed  to  prepare  a  history  of  the 
emblem  of  the  codfish  submit  the  following  report :  — 

Ernest  W.  Roberts, 
Richard  W.  Irwin, 
James  A.  Gallivan, 

The  Committee. 
House  of  Representatives,  March  7,  1895. 

Accepted:  Edward  A.  McLaughlin, 

Clerk. 


Chapter    I. 

Poised  high  aloft  in  the  old  hall  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives,  riding  serenely  the  sound 
waves  of  debate,  unperturbed  by  the  ebb  and  flow  of 
enactment  and  repeal  or  the  desultory  storms  that  vexed 
the  nether  depths  of  oratory,  there  has  hung  through 
immemorial  years  an  ancient  codfish,  quaintly  wrought 
in  wood  and  painted  to  the  life. 


12  HISTORY  OF  THE 


Humble  the  subject  and  homely  the  design ;  yet  this 
painted  image  bears  on  its  tinny  front  a  majesty  greater 
than  the  dignity  that  art  can  lend  to  graven  gold  or 
chiselled  marble.  The  sphere  it  fills  is  vaster  than 
that  through  which  its  prototype  careered  with  all  the 
myriad  tribes  of  the  great  deep.  The  lessons  that  may 
be  learned  of  it  are  nobler  than  any  to  be  drawn  from 
what  is  only  beautiful ;  for  this  sedate  and  solitary  fish 
is  instinct  with  memories  and  prophecy,  like  an  oracle. 
It  swims  symbolic  in  that  wider  sea  whose  confines  are 
the  limits  set  to  the  activities  of  human  thought.  It 
typifies  to  the  citizens  of  the  Commonwealth  and  of 
the  world  the  founding  of  a  State.  It  commemorates 
Democracy.  It  celebrates  the  rise  of  free  institutions. 
It  emphasizes  progress.     It  epitomizes  Massachusetts. 

To  the  sober  student  of  the  world's  past  this  historic 
codfish  is  fraught  with  ripe  significance.  A  few  details 
as  to  the  origin  and  vicissitudes  of  this  material  em- 
bleni  may  shed  some  light  on  its  serious  purpose  and 
high  mission. 

This  old  codfish  has  kept  its  place  under  all  admin- 
istrations, and  has  looked  upon  outgoing  and  incoming 
legislative  assemblies,  for  more  than  one  hundred  years. 
It  does  not  appear  under  what  precise  circumstances 
this  familiar  representation  assumed  its  positiou ;  but 
it  is  an  assured  fact  that  the  identical  image  which 
hangs  to-day  in  the  hall  recently  occupied  by  the  lower 
branch  of  the  Great  and  General  Court  came  there  from 
the  old  State  House  at  the  head  of  State  Street,  when 
the    archives    were    transferred    in    1798.     That   it    was 


EMBLEM  OF  THE  CODFISH.  13 

suspended  in  the  old  State  House  since  1784  appears 
from  the  following  entry  in  the  Journal  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  Wednesday,  March  17,   1784:  — 

"Mr.  Rowe  moved  the  House  that  leave  might  be 
given  to  hang  up  the  representation  of  a  Cod  Fish  in 
the  room  where  the  House  sit,  as  a  memorial  of  the 
importance  of  the  Cod-Fishery  to  the  welfare  of  this 
Commonwealth,  as  had  been  usual  formerly.  The  said 
motion  having  been  seconded,  the  question  was  put, 
and  leave  given  for  the  purpose  aforesaid." 

And  so  the  emblem  was  suspended,  and,  as  Mr. 
Rowe  was  a  man  of  peculiar  public  spirit  and  patriot- 
ism, it  is  probable  that  he  paid  for  the  carving  of  the 
fish  and  all  the  expenses  incident  thereto,  even  those 
connected  with  its  "hanging  up  in  the  room  where  the 
House  sit,"  out  of  his  own  pocket. 

It  seems  proper  that  something  more  than  a  mere 
reference  should  be  made  to  the  person  to  whose  fore- 
thought and  patriotism  we  owe  the  placing  in  our  halls 
of  legislation  of  so  significant  a  reminder  of  an  indus- 
try  "once  the  greatest  in  Massachusetts.  It  has  been 
said  of  him  he  was  "as  true  a  friend  to  his  country 
as  any  whose  names  have  reached  a  greater  renown." 
John,  son  of  Joseph  and  Mary  Rowe,  was  born  at  Ex- 
eter, Devon,  England,  on  Nov.  16,  1715.  The  date 
of  his  departure  from  England  is  as  unknown  as  that 
of  his  advent  in  Boston.  That  it  was  in  his  early 
youth  is  evident,  for  it  is  known  that  in  1740  he  was 
made  a  member  of  St.  John's  Lodge  of  Freemasons, 
the   first   body   of  that   fraternity  to   be    established   in 


14 


HISTORY   OF   THE 


Boston,  and  the  records  show  that  he  was  then  twenty- 
five  years  of  age.  That  he  took  a  deep  and  lasting 
interest  in  Masonry  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  was 
elected  master  of  the  lodge  nine  years  later,  being  the 
fifth  Provincial  Grand  Master  of  Masons  in  the  year 
1768.  He  held  the  office  until  his  death.  He  made 
numerous  investments  in  and  about  Boston,  where  he 
became  the  owner  of  considerable  property,  including 
the  present  Rowe's  wharf,  a  residence  on  Pond,  now 
Bedford,  Street,  and  an  estate  in  Milton.  Chauncy 
Street  for  many  years  bore  his  name. 

From  the  very  beginning  John  Rowe.  was  an  active 
and  earnest  participant  in  the  struggle  of  the  colonists 
to  free  themselves  from  the  tyrannies  of  the  mother 
country.  He  was  one  of  the  fifty  most  prominent  and 
influential  merchants  and  business  men  of  Boston  who, 
on  Dec.  19,  17G0,  signed  a  petition  to  the  General 
Court  charging  the  officers  of  the  Crown  with  appro- 
priating to  their  own  use  money  belonging  to  the 
Province.  All  through  the  agitation  aroused  by  the 
odious  stamp  acts  he  was  an  indefatigable  worker  for 
the  repeal  of  those  iniquitous  laws.  So  active  was  he 
in  this  direction  that  one  historian  has  credited  him 
with  leading  the  mob  against  the  house  of  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Hutchinson  during  the  riots  of  1765,  caused 
by  the  enforcement  of  the  stamp  acts ;  although  in  jus- 
tice to  John  Rowe  it  should  be  said  that  Hutchinson 
himself,  in  his  account  of  this  riot,  states  that  the  mob 
was  led  by  one  Mackintosh.  John  Rowe  enjoyed  in 
the   highest   degree   the    confidence    and    esteem    of   his 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH. 


15 


fellow  citizens,  and  was  repeatedly  appointed  on  com- 
mittees in  town  meetings.  In  1764  he  was  so  appointed 
one  of  a  committee  of  five  to  inform  the  Rev.  Mr. 
George  TThitefield  of  a  unanimous  vote  of  thanks  for 
the  great  service  rendered  by  the  reverend  gentleman 
in  raising  money  to  relieve  the  distress  occasioned  by 
the  disastrous  fire  of  1760,  which  caused  so  much  suf- 
fering to  the  people  of  Boston.  If  not  a  leader  and 
moving  spirit  among  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  he  was  at 
least  in  close  sympathy  with  them  and  their  aims,  for 
on  May  6,  1766,  that  organization  controlled  the  elec- 
tion of  the  Representatives  to  the  General  Court  from 
Boston,  and  chose  James  Otis,  Thomas  Cushing,  Samuel 
Adams,  John  Hancock  and  John  Rowe,  the  latter  being 
selected  upon  the  motion  of  Samuel  Adams ;  and  the 
distinguished  company  in  which  he  found  himself  was 
of  itself  ample  evidence  of  his  ability  and  standing  in 
the  community.  Nor  wTas  this  the  only  public  office 
held  by  him,  for  on  March  14  of  the  following  year 
we  find  him  elected  one  of  the  selectmen,  having  for 
colleagues  John  Hancock,  Samuel  Sewall,  William  Phil- 
lips and  others  but  little  less  renowned.  He  held  this 
office  until  1769,  when  he  declined  a  re-election,  and 
the  board  thereupon  unanimously  extended  him  a  vote 
of  thanks  for  his  past  services.  At  this  time  he  was 
also  one  of  the  firewards  of  the  town. 

Although  now  past  middle  age,  his  interest  in  public 
questions  wTas  as  keen  as  ever,  and  his  patriotism  as 
ardent  as  in  the  days  of  the  stamp  act  excitement ;  and 
four  years   later,  in  1773,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight,  we 


16  HISTORY  OF  THE 


find  hiin,  in  conjunction  with  Samuel  Adams  and  Han- 
cock, a  leading  spirit  in  the  stirring  scenes  that  led  up 
to  the  famous  "Boston  Tea  Party."  It  is  claimed  he 
was  part  owner  in  one  of  the  vessels  which  brought  to 
Boston  the  tea  thrown  into  the  harbor  on  the  evening- 
of  Thursday,  December  16  ;  and  from  certain  passages 
in  his  journal,  covering  the  period  from  September, 
1764,  to  July,  1779,  it  would  seem  the  vessel  was  the 
"Eleanor,"  Captain  Bruce.  An  entry  in  this  journal, 
"I  would  Rather  have  Lost  five  hundred  Guineas  than 
Captain  Bruce  should  have  taken  any  of  this  Tea  on 
board  his  Ship,"  indicates  his  annoyance  that  his  vessel 
should  have  been  implicated  in  this  obnoxious  proceed- 
ing •  but  self-interest  did  not  deter  him  from  doing:  all 
in  his  power  to  prevent  the  landing  of  the  tea.  The 
afternoon  of  Dec.  16,  1773,  saw  the  Old  South  Church 
packed  as  it  never  had  been  before.  At  three  o'clock 
it  was  estimated  there  were  seven  thousand  people  in 
and  around  the  edifice.  Samuel  Adams,  John  Rowe, 
Young,  Quincy  and  other  distinguished  citizens  were 
upon  the  platform,  exhorting  the  people  to  stand  firm, 
and  cautioning  them  to  moderation.  In  the  course  of 
his  address  Rowe  said,  "Who  knows  how  tea  will 
mingle  with  salt  water?"  —  a  suggestion  which  was  re_ 
ceived  with  loud  applause,  and  has  been  thought  by 
many  to  be  a  foreshadowing  of  what  was  to  take  place 
if  permission  was  not  given  the  vessels  to  sail  without 
landing  their  obnoxious  cargo.  Rowe  and  Hancock 
have  been  accredited  with  taking  part  in  throwing  the 
tea  overboard;    but  it  is  almost  certain  the  former  had 


EMBLEM  OF   THE  CODFISH.  17 

no  actual  hand  in  so  doing,  for  he  was  still  upon  the 
platform  when,  a  little  after  six  o'clock,  the  "Mohawks" 
rushed  by  the  church  on  their  way  to  Griffin's  wharf, 
where  the  ships  were  moored. 

In  1743  John  Rowe  married  Hannah  Speakman  in 
Boston.  He  was  of  a  deeply  religious  turn  of  mind, 
and  for  many  years  was  a  member  of  the  old  Trinity 
Church,  of  which  he  was  a  warden  from  1769  until 
1777,  and  upon  his  death,  Feb.  21,  1787,  he  was  buried 
under  the  church. 

There  is  a  dim  tradition  that  in  the  primitive  House 
of  Assembly  of  the  Province  there  hung  a  codfish  which 
was  the  srift  of  Judo;e  Samuel  Sewall,  author  of  the 
famous  "Diary."  Judge  Sewall  died  in  1729.  His 
published  remains  make  no  mention  of  this  traditional 
fish,  and  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  a  man  of  his 
loquacious  verbosity  would  have  omitted  to  chronicle 
his  munificence,  either  in  his  diary  or  his  letters. 

The  expression,  "as  had  been  usual  formerly,"  in 
the  original  motion  of  Mr.  Rowe,  apparently  refers  to 
this  prehistoric  creature  of  tradition,  which  hung  in  the 
old  State,  or  Town,  House.  When  this  structure  was 
burned,  Dec.  9,  1747,  the  codfish  doubtless  went  up  in 
a  whirl  of  smoke  which  still  clouds  its  history  to  the 
peering  vision  of  the  antiquarian.  The  new  Old  State 
House  (which  stands  to  this  day  at  the  head  of  State 
Street)  was  erected  in  the  succeeding  year ;  and,  at 
whatsoever  date  the  old-time  emblem  was  restored  to 
its  original  place  of  honor,  it  is  clear  that  it  flourished 
there  in  all  its  pristine  glory  as  early  as  1773;  for,  in 


18 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


an  old  bill  of  that  year,  presented  by  Thos.  Crafts, 
Jr.,  to  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  for  paint- 
ing the  State  House,  and  which,  from  all  that  can  be 
learned,  has  not  been  disputed,  appears  the  item  :  — 

To  painting  Codfish, 15  Shillings. 

At  some  indeterminate  time  subsequent  to  the  paint- 
ing of  the  codfish  by  Thomas  Crafts,  Jr.,  it  disappeared 
from  the  State  House  and  was  doubtless  destroyed,  for 
the  closest  historical  research  fails  to  shed  any  light 
upon  the  time,  manner  or  cause  of  its  disappearance, 
or  to  disclose  any  further  reference  to  it  whatever. 
Mayhap  some  burly  British  trooper,  quartered  in  the 
improvised  barracks  of  the  old  State  House,  took  um- 
brage at  the  spick  and  span  elegance  of  the  newly 
painted  emblem  of  colonial  independence  and  thrift. 
Such  a  one  may  have  torn  the  cherished  symbol  from 
the  wall  whence  it  had  offered  aid  and  comfort  to  the 
rebel  patriots,  with  its  assurance  of  the  material  wealth 
accessible  to  the  embryonic  State,  and,  in  the  spirit  of 
vandalism  so  prevalent  at  that  age,  used  it  to  replenish 
his  evening  camp  fire.  Whatever  may  have  been  its 
fate  in  that  epoch  of  political  upheaval,  no  record  was 
left  to  tell  the  tale 

There  seems  good  reason  to  believe  that  this  missing 
fish,  or  its  successor,  which  has  come  down  to  us,  was 
carved  by  one  John  Welch,  a  Boston  patriot.  Welch 
was  born  Aug.  11,  1711.  He  was  a  well-known  citi- 
zen, and  lived  on  Green  Lane  in  West  Boston.  In 
1756  he  was  a  captain   in   the  Ancient   and  Honorable 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH. 


19 


Artillery  Company.  He,  too,  was  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  famous  petition  or  memorial,  eharging  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Crown  with  appropriating  to  their  own  use 
money  belonging  to  the  Province.  The  descendants  of 
John  Welch  have  always  insisted  that  he  carved  the 
State  House  codfish  of  to-day.  His  great-great-grand- 
son, Capt.  Francis  Welch,  is  now  living  in  Brookline, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-six,  and  he  has  recently  stated 
that  the  truth  of  this  assertion  has  always  been  recog- 
nized among  the  family  traditions.  It  has  been  handed 
down  from  father  to  son  uncontradicted  for  at  least 
three  generations.  Captain  Welch's  father  repeatedly 
told  him  that  he  heard  the  story  from  the  lips  of  his 
grandfather,  and  never  expressed  the  least  doubt  in  re- 
gard to  it. 

Conceding  the  authenticity  of  this  tradition,  a  ques- 
tion remains  as  to  which  of  the  two  codfishes  was  the 
handiwork  of  John  Welch.  Welch  died  Feb.  9,  1789  ; 
so  that,  if  he  carved  the  fish  now  in  the  State  House, 
he  must  have  been  in  his  seventy-fourth  year.  This 
seems  unlikely,  whereas  he  might  easily  have  wrought 
the  codfish  Thomas  Crafts  painted ;  and  it  is  quite 
probable  that,  in  the  growing  vagueness  of  domestic 
tradition,  the  identity  of  the  two  may  have  been  con- 
founded. In  that  chaotic  revolutionary  period  which 
left  to  us  no  record  of  the  loss  or  destruction  of  the 
object  of  Thomas  Crafts'  artistic  attention,  the  Welch 
family  may  easily  have  lost  trace  of  it,  and  have  taken 
it  for  granted  that  the  older  emblem  is  the  actual 
symbol  of  to-day. 


20  HISTORY  OF  THE 


It  has  been  said  by  some  one  that  the  old  codfish 
has  never  been  taken  down  since  it  was  first  suspended 
in  the  then  new  State  House  in  1798 ;  but  Capt. 
Thomas  Tucker,  the  venerable  doorkeeper  of  the  House, 
can  tell  another  story.  Within  his  own  recollection  the 
old  emblem  has  twice  been  lowered,  and  he  furthermore 
says  that  the  codfish  did  not  always  occupy  its  present 
vantage  ground.  It  used  to  hang  from  a  point  in  the 
ceiling  directly  over  the  Speaker's  desk,  but  in  the  fif- 
ties it  was  shifted  to  the  rear  of  the  chamber.  In 
1867,  for  a  brief  space,  the  fish  was  missing  from  its 
accustomed  haunt ;  but  it  soon  returned,  brighter  than 
before,  in  a  new  coat  of  submarine  motley.  Again,  in 
1874,  while  the  chamber  was  being  renovated,  the  cod- 
fish was  taken  down  to  be  repainted ;  and  at  the  time 
Captain  Tucker  measured  it,  finding  its  length  to  be 
four  feet  and  eleven  inches.  He  also  noted  that  it 
was  carved  from  a  solid  block  of  wood.  Since  that 
time,  a  period  of  twenty-one  years,  the  sacred  emblem 
has  not  been  profaned  by  mortal  touch. 

Chapter    II. 

To  the  historian  it  seems  quite  natural  that  the  cod- 
fish, an  article  of  pure,  plain,  natural  food,  should  be 
the  emblem  of  the  practical,  frugal  spirit  which  laid 
the  foundation  of  Massachusetts.  And,  while  the  term 
"codfish  aristocracy"  is  sometimes  used  as  one  of 
reproach,  the  reproach  lies  in  the  departure  by  their 
descendants  from  the   simple  ways   of  the   early  fisher- 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH.  21 

men ;  and  if  by  ' '  codfish  aristocracy "  we  should  be 
understood  to  mean  the  living  fisher-folk  of  Cape  Ann 
and  Cape  Cod,  then  we  have  excellent  reason  for  aim- 
ing to  preserve  such  an  aristocracy  in  honor. 

"If  Massachusetts  ever  had  a  tutelary  genius  among 
the  brute  creation,  it  was  the  codfish,"  wrote  an 
essayist  thirty  years  ago ;  and  it  is  only  the  serious 
student  of  history  who  realizes  the  important  part  the 
fisheries  played  in  the  early  history  of  New  England, 
and  especially  of  Massachusetts.  "They  were  to  us 
what  wool  was  to  England  or  tobacco  to  Virginia,  — 
the  great  staple  which  became  the  basis  of  power  and 
wealth,"  says  Adams.  Many  a  colossal  fortune  rested 
for  its  foundation  upon  the  cod  fisheries  of  the  Banks 
and  of  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  the  ' '  codfish  aristocracy " 
preceded  both  the  "merchant  princes"  and  the  "lords 
of  the  loom."  Even  before  Lexington  and  Concord 
the  fervid  Irish  eloquence  of  Edmund  Burke  apostro- 
phized and  idealized  the  fisheries  of  the  colonies. 
Speaking  of  the  "wealth  which  the  colonies  have 
drawn  from  the  sea  by  their  fisheries,"  a  wealth  which 
he  further  declared  had  excited  the  envy  of  the  British 
Commons,  he  exclaimed:  "Pray,  sir,  what  in  the 
world  is  equal  to  it?  Pass  by  the  other  parts,  and 
look  at  the  manner  in  which  the  people  of  New  Eng- 
land have  of  late  carried  on  their  fisheries.  Whilst  we 
follow  them  among  the  tumbling  mountains  of  ice  and 
behold  them  penetrating  into  the  deepest  recesses  of 
Hudson's  Bay  and  Davis  Straits,  whilst  we  are  looking 
for  them  beneath  the  Arctic  circle,   we  hear  that  they 


22 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


have  pierced  into  the  opposite  region  of  polar  cold, 
that  they  are  at  the  antipodes,  and  engaged  under  the 
frozen  serpent  of  the  South.  .  .  .  We  know  that  while 
some  of  them  draw  the  line  and  strike  the  harpoon  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  others  run  the  longitude  and  pur- 
sue their  gigantic  game  along  the  coast  of  Brazil.  No 
sea  but  what  is  vexed  by  their  fisheries,  no  climate 
that  is  not  witness  to  their  toils.  Neither  the  perse- 
verance of  Holland,  nor  the  activity  of  France,  nor  the 
dexterous  and  firm  sagacity  of  English  enterprise,  ever 
carried  this  most  perilous  mode  of  hardy  industry  to 
the  extent  to  which  it  has  been  pushed  by  this  recent 
people,  —  a  people  who  are  still,  as  it  were,  but  in  the 
gristle,  and  not  yet  hardened  into  the  bone  of  man- 
hood." So  spoke  Burke  in  the  British  House  of  Com- 
mons in  March,  1775.  Never  before  or  since  was 
such  incomparable  tribute  paid  to  those  sailor  pioneers, 
who,  springing  from  the  rocks  of  Cape  Cod  and  the 
sand  dunes  of  Nantucket,  carried,  in  a  later  day,  the 
flag  of  Young  America  and  the  glory  of  her  name  to 
the  remotest  recesses  of  the  oceans  of  the  globe. 

An  essential  chapter  in  the  history  of  any  people 
is  the  record  of  the  sources  from  which  their  suste- 
nance has  come  and  from  which  their  wealth  has  been 
derived.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  inclination  or 
training  of  the  hardy  Englishmen  who  first  settled  on 
Cape  Cod,  the  insular  position  of  this  new  coast  ren- 
dered maritime  pursuits  necessary.  When  a  log  hut 
had  fortified  them  against  the  east  winds  of  the  harsh 
Atlantic,    and    the    virgin    soil    had    yielded    from    its 


EMBLEM  OF  THE   CODFISH. 


23 


rugged  bosom  the  corn  that  was  the  bread  of  life,  they 
turned  to  the  immense  marine  preserves  which  lay  at 
their  very  doors,  and  whose  beckoning  billows  lured 
them  to  try  the  hazard  of  a  hook  and  line.  Then,  as 
their  intercourse  with  the  Dutch  along  the  Hudson  and 
Long  Island  Sound  became  more  thoroughly  estab- 
lished, the  tendency  was  to  give  more  of  their  attention 
to  the  various  branches  of  fishing,  and  by  an  exchange 
of  products  they  found  it  less  necessary  to  cultivate 
an  unfriendly  soil ;  so  the  trend  of  affairs  was  steadily 
toward  those  maritime  pursuits  which  for  more  than 
two  centuries  since  have  been  the  characteristic  and 
pride  of  Cape  Cod  and  Cape  Ann.  The  love  of 
adventure  is  hereditary,  and,  if  the  fathers  caught  cod- 
fish on  the  Grand  Banks,  the  sons  were  satisfied  with 
nothing  else  than  taking-  whales  in  the  Pacific. 

The  first  product  of  American  industry  exported  from 
Massachusetts  was  a  cargo  of  fish.  Even  the  neighbor- 
ing colony  at  Plymouth  seems  at  first  to  have  depended 
upon  Cape  Ann  for  a  supply  of  fish.  "Though  famine 
threatened,  they  could  not  at  once  relieve  themselves 
by  resorting  to  the  Bay,"  for  their  patrons  in  London 
had  neglected  as  yet  to  provide  for  such  pursuits. 
Once,  when  men  staggered,  says  Winslow,  "by  reason 
of  faintness  for  want  of  food,"  they  were  saved  from 
famishing  by  the  benevolence  of  fishermen  off  the 
coasts.  Simultaneously  with  the  settlement  of  Massa- 
chusetts began  the  despatching  of  cargoes  of  dried  cod- 
fish to  every  country  of  Western  Europe,  as  well  as 
to   the    other  American   colonies.     As    early  as   1634   a 


24 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


merchant  of  the  country  was  fishing  with  eight  boats 
at  Marblehead.  The  next  year  Portsmouth  had  in  the 
fishing  trade  six  great  shallops,  five  fishing  boats  with 
sails,  anchors  and  cables,  and  thirteen  skiffs.  Of  the 
total  product  of  this  branch  of  industry  in  any  one 
year  the  only  information  is  derived  from  Governor 
Winthrop,  who  says  that  in  1641  it  was  followed  so 
well  that  three  hundred  thousand  dry  fish  were  sent 
to  market.  Two  years  previously  the  General  Court 
began  to  recognize  the  importance  of  the  industry,  for 
on  May  22,  1639,  it  passed  an  act  exempting  from  all 
duties  and  public  taxes  all  estates  employed  in  catch- 
ing, making  and  transporting  fish,  while,  under  the 
same  act,  all  fishermen  during  the  season  for  business 
and  all  shipbuilders  were  excused  from  training. 

Between  1710  and  1750  began  the  active  pursuit  of 
the  maritime  business  by  the  people  of  Cape  Cod  and 
Cape  Ann.  In  1741  about  seventy  fishing  vessels 
belonged  to  Gloucester.  Capt.  Francis  Goelet,  writing 
of  a  visit  to  Salem  in  1750,  tells  us  that  "the  trade 
consists  chiefly  of  the  Cod  Fishery ;  they  have  sixty 
or  seventy  sail  schooners  employed  in  the  branch. 
They  cure  all  their  own  cod."  Speaking  of  Marble- 
head,  he  says:  "This  place  is  noted  for  children  and 
Noureches  the  most  of  any  Place  for  its  Bigness  in 
North  America.  It  is  Said  that  the  Chief  Cause  is 
attributed  to  their  feeding  on  Cod's  Heads  which  is 
their  Principal  Diett." 

The  following  twenty  years  were  full  of  discourage- 
ments,   for    the    wars    between    France    and    England 


EMBLEM  OF  THE  CODFISH.  25 

occasioned  great  annoyance,  on  account  of  the  capture 
of  vessels  by  the  warring  cruisers.  The  demand  for 
men  for  the  provincial  army  and  navy  drew  heavily 
from  the  fisher  population,  but  fishing  was  still  pur- 
sued ;  in  fact,  it  had  then  become  the  basis  of  a  profit- 
able coastwise  and  foreign  trade,  for  the  maintenance 
of  which  the  merchants  of  the  Massachusetts  seaport 
towns  would  willingly  encounter  great  risks  and  could 
afford  to  bear  considerable  losses. 

In  1750  Gloucester  had  eighty  large  fishing  vessels. 
These  were  sent  to  the  Banks  during  the  summer,  and 
in  the  winter  the  fares  of  fish,  together  with  the 
produce  from  the  farms  of  the  adjacent  towns,  were 
despatched  to  the  West  Indies,  where  the  cargoes  met 
a  remunerative  market.  It  is  interesting  to  notice  the 
causes  which  contributed  to  this  profitable  commerce. 

The  British,  Spanish  and  French  had  large  possessions 

in   the  West   Indies.     It    was   the   policy   of  the   home 

government  to  restrict  the  dealings  with  these  colonies 

by  passing  stringent  laws  compelling  the  inhabitants  to 

trade   exclusively   with   the   mother   country.     Prior   to 

the    Revolution,    New    England    merchants,    being   sub- 

jects  of  Great  Britain,   had  unrestricted  trade  with  the 

British   West    Indies.     Notwithstanding   the   rigid   non- 
es o 

intercourse  laws  of  the  French  and  Spanish,  illicit 
voyages  were  often  made  to  the  West  Indian  ports  of 
those  governments.  In  fact,  there  wras  an  enormous 
smuggling  trade  carried  on  at  that  period.  At  times 
the  pressing  need  of  supplies  obliged  these  governments 
to  suspend  the  provisions  of  their  prohibitive  laws,  and 


26 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


the  governors  were  given  discretionary  powers  to  allow 
the  vessels  of  the  North  Atlantic  colonies  licenses  to 
trade,  discharge  cargo  and  repair. 

Most  of  the  New  England  ports  participated  in  this 
trade,  which  was  begun  by  the  cod-fishing  vessels.  A 
general  cargo  of  fish,  produce  and  live  stock  could  be 
sold  in  the  English  islands  for  money.  The  vessel 
would  then  go  to  Trinidad  or  the  Dutch  possessions, 
buy  molasses,  spices  and  coffee  at  low  prices,  and 
return  home  with  the  cargo  and  quite  an  amount  of 
ready  money  besides ;  while  to  Europe  little  was  sent 
except  the  fish,  the  proceeds  of  which  came  back  in 
salt,  fruit,  wine  and  specie.  This  commerce  was  the 
direct  outgrowth  of  the  fisheries. 

Soon  the  revolutionary  crisis  approached,  and  com- 
merce and  fishery  could  be  no  longer  pursued.  A 
great  majority  of  the  people,  comprising  the  merchants, 
mechanics,  fishermen  and  sailors,  who  depended  upon 
the  maritime  business  for  their  livelihood,  could  find 
no  employment  in  their  regular  vocations,  and  joined 
the  land  or  naval  forces  of  the  colonies.  At  the  close 
of  the  great  struggle  instructions  were  given  by  some 
of  the  towns  to  their  Representatives  touching  "the 
importance  of  a  restoration  of  the  fisheries  in  any 
arrangement  that  might  be  for  peace,"  and  requesting 
them  "to  ask  of  the  Legislature  to  see  that  the  com- 
missioners be  instructed  to  that  effect."  This  whole 
question  is  so  well  set  forth  by  a  distinguished  son  of 
Massachusetts,  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams,  in  a  recent 
article    on    "What   the    Codfish    stands    for,"    that    the 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH. 


27 


committee    are   impelled   to   quote    Mr.  Adams    for   the 
benefit  and  instruction  of  the  reader. 

"In  the  winter  and  spring  of  1779,"  says  Mr. 
Adams,  "the  terms  of  a  possible  peace  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  former  colonies  became  matter  for  dis- 
cussion in  the  Continental  Congress.  At  once  the 
question  of  the  fisheries,  and  the  right  of  Massachusetts 
men  to  participate  in  them,  came  to  the  front.  Public 
law  on  this  point  had  not  yet  been  settled,  for  it  was 
still  the  period  of  the  close  seas ;  and,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  of  independence,  New  England  had  by 
act  of  Parliament  been  debarred  from  fishing  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland.  Were  those  banks  free  to  all 
nations,  or  would  they  at  the  restoration  of  peace  be 
subject  to  the  right  of  legislation  by  the  great  sea- 
power?  France,  the  ally  of  the  rebellious  colonies, 
took  the  ground  that  the  fishery  of  the  high  seas  was 
of  common  right,  but  that  the  coast  fisheries  belonged 
to  the  proprietary  of  the  coast ;  and  consequently  that 
the  Massachusetts  men,  who  had  hitherto  almost  exclu- 
sively engaged  in  the  fisheries  of  Nova  Scotia  and  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  deemed  themselves  to  have 
gained  a  prescriptive  right  in  them,  had  in  fact  no 
right  in  them  at  all.  Then  followed  a  long  legislative 
struggle,  in  which  New  England  was  for  the  first  time 
arrayed  against  the  South,  and  it  was  charged  that  the 
interests  of  nine  of  the  States  were  being  systemati- 
cally sacrificed  '  to  gratify  the  eaters  and  distillers  of 
molasses'  in  the  other  four.  The  issue  was  whether 
the    right  to    the  fisheries  was   to   be    preserved    as   an 


28 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


ultimatum  in  the  proposed  negotiations  for  peace. 
Through  the  stubborn  tenacity  of  Samuel  Adams  and 
Elbridge  Gerry,  representing  Massachusetts,  provision 
was  made  that  the  fisheries  could  not  be  surrendered 
without  her  consent. 

"The  negotiations  took  place  in  Paris,  and  there 
John  Adams  represented  New  England  interests.  In 
writing  to  him  in  September,  1778,  Ralph  Izard  of 
North  Carolina  had  said,  *  The  fishery  of  Newfoundland 
appears  to  me  to  be  a  mine  of  infinitely  greater  value 
than  Mexico  and  Peru  ; '  and  in  reply  to  him  Mr.  Adams 
explained  why  it  was  so ;  one  portion  of  the  dried  fish 
of  Massachusetts  went  to  the  West  India  Islands  in 
exchange  for  rum,  molasses  and  other  West  Indian 
products ;  another  portion  went  to  the  Catholic  coun- 
tries of  Europe  in  exchange  for  gold  and  silver ;  while, 
'  as  a  nursery  of  seamen  and  a  source  of  naval  power,' 
the  fishery,  Mr.  Adams  went  on  to  say,  '  has  been, 
and  is  .  .  .  indispensably  necessary  to  the  accomplish- 
ment and  the  preservation  of  our  independence.'  Later 
in  life  he  described  how  the  fisheries  during  these 
negotiations  lay  '  with  great  weight  on  my  mind,'  and 
spoke  of  his  constant  apprehension  lest  England,  in 
negotiating  the  peace,  should  '  exert  all  her  art  to 
deprive  us  of  any  share  in  that  great  source  of  wealth, 
that  great  instrument  of  commerce,  that  great  nursery 
of  seamen,  that  great  means  of  power.'  So,  he  said, 
he  lost  no  occasion  to  urge  on  the  French  represent- 
atives the  general  principle  of  the  right  of  all  nations 
to  the  ocean  and  its   inhabitants ;   while  for  Massachu- 


EMBLEM   OF   THE   CODFISH. 


29 


setts  he  claimed  that,  so  far  as  the  fisheries  were  con- 
cerned, '  we  were  in  possession,  and  had  been  so,  from 
the  first  settlement  of  our  country ;  we  had  carried  on 
the  fisheries  from  the  beginning ;  that  the  fisheries  were 
an  essential  link  in  the  chain  of  American  commerce, 
which  was  one  connected  system.' 

"  AYhen  at  last,  in  October  and  November,  1782, 
negotiations  went  on  in  earnest,  they  turned  on  three 
fundamental  issues, — the  boundary  line,  the  recovery 
of  British  debts  and  the  fisheries ;  and  of  these  the 
fisheries  was  the  most  difficult  to  adjust.  Franklin 
and  Jay,  the  two  other  commissioners  on  the  ground, 
had  on  this  point  been  tenacious,  but  they  had  not 
made  it  a  vital  element  of  the  proposed  treaty.  Mr. 
Adams  assumed  the  responsibility  of  declaring  that  the 
right  of  fishery  was  indispensable  to  the  durability  of 
any  compact.  The  British  negotiators  asked  for  time 
in  which  to  obtain  further  instructions ;  and  when, 
nearly  three  weeks  later,  they  returned  from  London, 
while  ready  to  make  the  desired  concessions  in  the 
matter  of  boundaries,  they  would  not  yield  the  fish- 
eries ;  upon  this  the  struggle  came.  '  Great  Britain  was 
willing  to  concede  the  use  on  the  high  seas  as  a  privi- 
lege, whilst  she  denied  it  altogether  within  its  three 
miles'  jurisdiction  on  the  coasts.  The  American  negotia- 
tors, on  the  other  hand,  claimed  the  former  as  a  right, 
and  asked  for  the  privilege  of  the  latter.  Here  was 
the  place  at  which  Mr.  Adams  assumed  the  greatest 
share  of  responsibility  in  the  negotiation.'  He  insisted 
upon  placing  the  two  countries  exactly  on  a  level  in  the 


30 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


matter  of  right.  Wearied  with  discussion,  the  British 
plenipotentiaries  finally  proposed  to  sign  the  prelimi- 
naries, leaving  the  use  of  terms  in  relation  to  the 
fishery  to  be  adjusted  when  the  definite  treaty  was 
framed.  But  even  this  Mr.  Adams  would  not  agree 
to ;  and,  rising,  he  vehemently  declared  that,  when  first 
commissioned  as  a  negotiator  with  Great  Britain,  his 
country  had  ordered  him  to  make  no  peace  without  a 
clear  acknowledgment  of  the  right  to  the  fishery,  and 
by  that  direction  he  would  stand.  He  did  stand  by  it ; 
and  he  had  his  way.  After  a  short  consultation  among 
themselves  the  British  commissioners  announced  their 
acceptance  of  Mr.  Adams'  article  as  he  had  submitted 
it.  '  Such  a  victory  is  not  often  recorded  in  the  annals 
of  diplomacy.'  It  was  the  victory  of  a  Massachusetts 
man,  to  whom  had  been  confided  the  care  of  Massa- 
chusetts interests. 

"  This  occurred  on  the  19th  of  November,  1782,  and 
it  was  on  the  17th  of  March,  1784,  less  than  sixteen 
months  later,  that  John  Rowe,  a  member  from  Boston, 
moved  permission  to  hang  the  historic  codfish  in  the 
Representatives'  chamber.  It  commemorated  a  diplo- 
matic victory  no  less  than  it  typified  a  material 
interest." 

For  more  than  thirty  years  that  followed,  the  New 
England  fishermen  were  happy.  With  renewed  zeal 
they  pursued  their  vocations,  until  the  United  States 
was  again  involved  in  war  with  Great  Britain.  It  was 
well  known  that  the  mother  country  had  never  been 
reconciled  to  the  fishery  concessions  extorted  from  her 


EMBLEM   OF   THE    CODFISH. 


31 


in  the  negotiations  of  1783;  and  "again  the  codfish 
rose  to  the  surface."     Let  Mr.  Adams  tell  the  story:  — 

"In  October,  1814,  the  American  commissioners  to 
treat  for  peace  sent  home  from  Ghent  the  proffered 
British  terms.  They  included  cession  of  territory  by 
the  United  States,  the  exclusion  of  the  United  States 
from  military  or  naval  contact  with  the  great  lakes, 
and  the  forfeiture  of  their  rights  in  the  fisheries.  Had 
these  terms  been  conceded,  Massachusetts  would  have 
had  sufficient  grounds  silently  to  remove  the  codfish 
from  where  it  hung  suspended  from  the  ceiling  of  its 
Representatives'  chamber. 

"John  Adams  was  then  living  in  retirement  at 
Quincy,  but  his  son,  John  Quincy  Adams,  occupied  at 
Ghent  the  place  his  father  had  thirty-two  years  before 
occupied  at  Paris.  It  had  devolved  upon  him  to  look 
to  it  that  the  codfish  sustained  no  detriment.  It  was  on 
the  10th  of  October  that  the  demands  of  Great  Britain 
—  cession  of  territory,  abandonment  of  the  lakes,  relin- 
quishment of  the  fisheries,  etc.  —  were  made  known  to 
Congress.  Less  than  two  months  before,  "Washington 
had  been  captured  by  British  forces,  and  the  capitol 
and  the  White  House  burned.  The  outlook  was  not 
encouraging.  Remitting  to  President  Madison  a  letter 
received  from  his  son,  then  at  Ghent,  John  Adams 
thus  expressed  himself  in  the  midst  of  that  time  of 
gloom.  The  date  was  November  28  :  '  All  I  can  say 
is,  that  I  would  continue  this  war  forever  rather  than 
surrender  one  acre  of  our  territory,  one  iota  of  the 
fisheries,    as    established    by    the    third    article    of    the 


32 


HISTORY   OF   THE 


treaty  of  1783,  or  one  sailor  impressed  from  any  mer- 
chant ship.  I  will  not,  however,  say  this  to  my  son, 
though  I  shall  be  verv  much  obliged  to  you  if  you 
will  give  him  orders  to  the  same  effect.' 

"Incredible  as  it  now  seems,  the  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts considered  the  terms  of  peace  offered  by  Great 
Britain  as  favorable  to  America,  and  declared  that  the 
people  of  Cape  Ann  expected  to  lose  the  fisheries,  but 
were  willing  to  cede  territory,  if,  at  that  price,  they 
could  retain  them.  The  danger  was  imminent  that  the 
codfish  would  have  to  come  down.  The  question  was 
of  holding  the  ground  gained  in  1783.  'In  1814,  as 
in  1783,  John  Adams  clung  to  his  trophies,  and  his 
son  would  have  waged  indefinite  war  rather  than  break 
his  father's  heart  by  sacrificing  what  he  had  won ;  but 
at  Ghent  the  son  stood  in  isolation,  which  the  father 
in  the  worst  times  had  never  known.  Massachusetts 
left  him  to  struggle  alone  for  a  principle  that  needed 
not  only  argument,  but  force,  to  make  it  victorious. 
The  difficulty  which  Mr.  Adams  could  not  overcome 
arose  from  the  fact  that  the  treaty  of  1783  not  only 
recognized  the  American  right  to  the  fisheries,  but  it 
also  recognized  the  British  right  to  the  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi.  The  two  went  together.  Henry  Clay 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  at  Ghent,  side  by  side 
with  J.  Q.  Adams.  Clay  would  consent  to  nothing 
which  revived  the  British  right  of  navigation  in  the 
Mississippi ;  and  so  Adams  found  himself  cut  off  from 
his  appeal  to  the  treaty  of  1783  as  an  instrument  rec- 
ognizing   and    forever    establishing    mutual    indefeasible 


EMBLEM  OF  THE   CODFISH.  33 

rights.  But,  if  Clay  would  put  his  name  to  no  treaty 
which  ceded  a  right  of  navigating  the  Mississippi, 
Adams  was  equally  immovable  in  the  matter  of  any 
relinquishment  of  the  fisheries.  This  last  the  British 
plenipotentiaries  insisted  upon  almost  to  the  length  of 
making  it  an  ultimatum.  Finally,  as  in  1783,  they 
yielded  the  point  under  instructions  from  London,  but 
demanded  for  so  doing  the  compensatory  right  of  nav- 
igating the  Mississippi.  Though  Adams  was  now  sat- 
isfied, Clay  was  implacable.  The  British  then  offered 
to  make  both  matters  subject  for  future  negotiation ; 
but  this  implied  that  the  fishery  rights  secured  by  the 
treaty  of  1783  were  forfeited,  or  subject  to  forfeiture, 
—  an  admission  Adams  refused  to  make.  And  now  he 
found  himself  alone, — one  otherwise-minded  man  in 
five.  The  fishery  seemed  lost.  Then  Albert  Gallatin 
came  to  the  front  with  one  last  ingenious  proposition, 
in  the  form  of  'a  note  rejecting  the  British  stipulation, 
because  it  implied  the  abandonment  of  a  right,  but 
offering  to  be  silent  as  to  both  the  fisheries  and  the 
Mississippi,  or  to  admit  a  general  reference  to  further 
negotiation  of  all  subjects  in  dispute,  so  expressed  as 
to  imply  no  abandonment  of  right.' 

"And  this  was  the  famous  treaty  of  Ghent!  The 
younger  Adams  had  not  succeeded  in  saving  all  of 
those  expressed  and  extraordinary  rights  which  the 
elder  Adams  had  won ;  but,  preserving  those  rights 
from  formal  and  absolute  relinquishment,  he  secured  a 
result  not  less  practically  valuable  than  that  achieved 
by    his    father,     by    causing    the    reference    of    all    the 


34 


HISTORY   OF   THE 


points  at  issue  to  be  settled  by  time  and  the  course 
of  events,  those  liual  arbitrators,  in  whose  decision,  as 
the  event  proved,  he  could  safely  trust." 

And,  as  Mr.  Adams  says  in  his  closing  paragraph, 
of  all  this  is  the  codfish  in  the  Representatives'  hall 
emblematic;  "it  tells  of  commerce,  war,  diplomacy; 
of  victories  won  by  Massachusetts  in  all  three  fields." 

Chatter    III. 

Years  before  the  statesmen  of  the  period  had  decided 
to  make  public  acknowledgment  of  the  indebtedness  of 
the  colony  to  the  codfish,  and  had  voted  to  adorn  the 
assembly  chamber  with  a  wooden  representation  thereof, 
individuals  and  private  corporations  were  eager  to  pay 
tribute  to  the  codfish,  and  vied  with  one  another  in 
their  anxiety  to  make  the  recognition  as  conspicuous 
as  possible.  As  early  as  1661  the  codfish  appears  upon 
the  corporate  seal  of  the  Plymouth  Land  Company, 
proprietors  of  lands  on  the  Kennebec  River.  In  1743 
Col.  Benjamin  Piekman  of  Salem,  who  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  men  of  the  colony,  erected  the  Mansion 
House  in  that  town,  and  decorated  the  end  of  every 
stair  in  his  spacious  hall  with  a  carved  and  gilded  cod- 
fish. Some  of  the  journals  of  the  day  recognized  it. 
On  the  front  of  the  "Salem  Gazette"  for  1768  appears 
a  coat  of  arms,  consisting  of  a  shield,  supported  by  two 
Indians,  and  bearing  the  dove  and  olive  branch.  The 
crest  above  this  shield  is  an  unmistakable  codfish. 

Official  notice   of  the   obligation  owed   to   the  people 


EMBLEM  OF  THE   CODFISH. 


35 


of  the  colony  had  been  taken,  and  the  emblem  inserted 
in  some  of  the  court  seals,  among  others,  upon  the 
seal  affixed  to  the  processes  issued  from  the  famous 
Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  which  tried  and  con- 
demned the  "witches  in  1692.  The  origin  of  the  seal 
seems  to  have  been  traced  as  far  back  as  1686,  when 
it  was  used  by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the 
Peace  and  the  Inferior  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  as 
well  as  in  the  melancholy  instances  referred  to  above. 
The  seal  bears  the  word  "Essex,"  elegantly  carved  in 
cipher,  with  what  passes  for  the  dove  and  olive  branch 
above  it,  and  an  unmistakable  codfish  below. 

Again,  the  seal  of  the  "Middle  Circuit  Court  of 
Common  Pleas"  shows  the  codfish.  In  the  margin  of 
the  seal  is  the  word  "Massachusetts,"  with  the  style 
of  court,  and  on  its  face  "Fiat  Justitia,"  under  which 
motto  agriculture,  commerce  and  the  fisheries  are  re- 
spectively represented  by  the  sheep,  the  anchor  and 
the  codfish.  This  court  was  established  in  1811,  by  an 
act  dividing  the  Commonwealth  into  six  circuits,  each 
having  a  chief  justice  and  associates.  The  "Middle 
Circuit"  comprised  Essex,  Middlesex  and  Suffolk. 

The  Commonwealth  paid  tribute  to  this  source  ot 
her  earliest  prosperity  in  other  directions.  In  1755  a 
two-penny  internal  revenue  stamp  of  the  colony  bore 
the  impress  of  the  codfish,  surrounded  with  this  strik- 
ing and  significant  legend :  ' '  Staple  of  the  Massachu- 
setts." This  stamp  may  be  seen,  says  Felt,  upon  a 
contract  for  building  the  draw  of  the  old  North  bridge 
at  Salem,  which  draw,  being  raised  at  the  approach  of 


36  HISTORY  OF  THE 


Leslie's  Regulars,  twenty  years  later,  became  the  bul- 
wark of  the  liberties  of  America. 

The  currency  of  the  colony  at  a  later  date  bore  the 
same  impress  on  several  of  its  issues.  In  the  years 
1776  and  1778  many  of  the  coins,  from  three-pence 
upwards,  seem  to  have  been  thus  embellished.  In  an 
old  collection  of  American  currency  the  following  de- 
nominations bear  the  tutelary  fish  upon  their  face :  In 
1776,  $3,  $5,  $8,  $11,  also  3d,  6d,  8(7,  9d,  Is,  Is  6d, 
2s,  3s,  4s  and  4s  Qd;  in  1778,  4d,  Is  6d,  2s,  3s,  4s 
and  4s  6d. 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  use  of  the  codfish  as  a 
symbol  of  the  progress  and  pre-eminence  of  Massachu- 
setts was  no  novel  or  unaccustomed  departure.  The 
homely  emblem  is  closely  identified  with  the  greatness 
of  the  State.  It  might  almost  be  said  that  its  crescent 
outlines  are  graven  on  every  page  of  its  history. 

Tradition  invests  our  codfish  with  the  grandeur  gath- 
ered from  the  days  when  ' '  there  were  giants "  in 
Massachusetts.  It  speaks  to  us  of  all  the  old  Bay 
State  was  and  is.  Patriotism  protects  it  from  the  cavil 
of  the  cynic  and  the  gibe  of  the  unthinking.  It  typi- 
fies the  world-old  simplicity  of  those  who  go  down  to 
the  sea  in  ships ;  the  goodly,  Godly  race,  whom  the 
stately  scriptural  story  has  immortalized ;  whose  sturdy 
virtues  the  Saviour  himself  distinguished  in  the  choice 
of  Peter,  the  apostolic  fisherman ;  and  whose  singular 
achievements  on  sea  and  land,  in  the  arts  alike  of 
peace  and  war,  have  glorified  the  annals  of  the  Com- 
monwealth. 


EMBLEM  OF  THE   CODFISH.  37 


ADDRESS 

OP 

REPRESENTATIVE    IRWIN. 

The  foregoing  report  being  under  considera- 
tion, Representative  Richard  W.  Irwin  of  North- 
ampton addressed  the  House  as  follows :  — 

Mr.  Speaker  :  —  I  rise  to  ask  you  to  place  in  the 
new  House  of  Representatives,  as  it  was  in  the  old, 
the  emblem  of  the  codfish.  I  do  not  purpose  to  tell 
you  of  its  long  history,  or  of  the  patriotic  hands  which 
won  for  us  our  liberty  and  gave  a  continent  to  free- 
dom, which  placed  it  there.  I  pray  that  we,  who  put 
it  in  its  new  position,  may  be  as  fervent  in  our 
patriotism  and  love  of  liberty  and  right,  as  brave  to 
act  and  as  willing  to  suffer,  as  those  who,  over  a 
century  ago,  hung  it  high  in  yonder  hall. 

But  I  rise  to  call  to  your  attention,  their  successors 
in  unbroken  line  and  heirs  of  their  great  gift,  some 
things  this  emblem  means  and  teaches :  what  it  tells 
of  those  sufferings  which  a  nation  must  endure  ere  it 
have  the  courage,  fortitude  and  strength  of  greatness ; 
somewhat  of  the  humble  heroes,  bred  in  the  fisheries, 
whom  it  calls  to  mind ;  some  of  the  ancient  glories  of 


38 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


our  Commonwealth,  which,  though  the  symbol  be  plain 
and  lowly,  come  back  to  mind  at  its  sight.  Is  it 
plain  and  humble?  It  has  always  been  so  of  emblems 
that  tell  of  deeds  and  purposes  really  great.  Such 
emblems  speak  the  thought  of  the  common  people, 
which  is  not  delicate  or  poetic,  but  simple  and  plain, 
needing  no  interpreter. 

Whence  came  the  term  ' '  Puritan  "  but  from  a  word 
of  derision,  adopted  afterwards  in  honor  and  pride? 
Whence  the  song  of  "Yankee  Doodle,"  to  whose  tune 
Burgoyne  laid  down  his  arms  at  Saratoga  and  Corn- 
wallis  at  Yorktown?  What  song  but  that  of  "John 
Brown's  body,"  born  on  the  march  from  soldiers' 
thought,  led  our  country  on  through  the  long  and 
flaming  way  to  the  freedom  of  the  slave  and  a  nation's 
regeneration?  The  rugged  bear  has  for  years  repre- 
sented the  strength  of  the  Kussians.  The  symbol  of 
the  bee  told  of  the  great  Napoleon.  England's  chan- 
cellors for  hundreds  of  years  have  sat  upon  the  wool- 
sack in  front  of  the  throne.  The  rose  and  the  simple 
cross  of  St.  George  tell  the  story  of  England's  morn- 
ing drum-beat.  It  was  under  the  lilies  of  France  that 
men  followed  the  plume  of  Navarre.  In  all  ages  of 
the  Church  the  brazen  serpent  has  been  the  emblem 
of  Christianity,  and  the  cross  upon  which  our  Saviour 
suffered  has  been  the  symbol  under  and  before  which  a 
whole  world  worships. 

The  plain  codfish  has,  too,  its  own  story.  More 
than  the  Indian  upon  our  State  seal,  it  is  the  proper 
emblem  of  Massachusetts.     It  tells  the  story  of  struggle 


EMBLEM  OF  THE   CODFISH. 


39 


and  privations  of  Pilgrim  and  Puritan,  whom  many 
times  it  relieved  in  want  and  famine ;  of  commerce  that 
brought  golden  returns,  and  made  our  colony  rich ;  of 
fleets  that  whitened  the  waters  of  many  and  far-off  seas. 
It  tells  of  victories  that  Massachusetts  won  in  diplo- 
macy, no  less  renowned  than  war's ;  of  the  treaties  of 
Paris  and  Ghent,  where  some  of  our  greatest  sons, 
Gerry  and  the  elder  and  younger  Adams,  matched 
against  the  diplomats  of  England,  trained  by  contest 
with  Napoleon  and  Talleyrand,  overcame  and  discom- 
fited them.  You  properly  carve  their  names  upon  the 
walls  of  this  house,  in  that  chaplet  of  worthies  which 
is  the  Cornelian  crown  of  jewels  of  our  State.  Shall 
you  leave  outside  the  emblem  of  those  fisheries  for 
which  they  fought?  It  calls  to  mind  the  seamen  who, 
enured  to  hardship,  made  bold  and  daring  by  their 
daily  struggle  with  the  defiant  and  threatening  seas, 
learned  in  those  same  fisheries  strength,  courage  and 
seamanship,  such  as,  else,  the  world  has  never  seen. 

This  nation's  proudest  glory  is  a  story  of  war  by 
sea,  and  Massachusetts  has  no  greater  honor  than  that 
her  seamen  stood  upon  the  ships  and  manned  the 
frigates  by  which  those  memorable  and  renowned  vic- 
tories were  won.  For  it  was  with  the  fishermen  of 
the  capes  and  banks  that  Paul  Jones  drove  before  him, 
like  petrels  before  the  storm,  the  captains  who  fought 
under  Nelson  at  Trafalgar.  It  was  these  seamen  who 
went  with  Decatur  up  the  harbor  of  Tripoli.  It  was 
our  own  Isaac  Hull  before  whose  flaming  guns  the 
"Guerriere"  went  down.     These  men  manned  the  guns 


40 


HISTORY  OF  THE 


of  the  "Constitution"  and  the  "President."  They 
brought  back  the  dead  body  of  Lawrence  up  yonder 
harbor,  wrapped  in  his  country's  flag;  and  in  a  war, 
which  else  had  ended  in  disaster,  they  taught  England 
that  her  daughter  was  an  empress  of  the  sea. 

Nor  was  their  patriotism  or  valor  confined  to  the 
seas  which  were  their  home.  The  little  fishing  town 
of  Marblehead  alone  sent  a  whole  regiment  to  the  war 
of  the  Revolution ;  and  there  stands  upon  Common- 
wealth Avenue  in  this  great  city,  whose  wealth  came 
largely  from  the  cod  fisheries,  a  statue  telling  how 
General  Glover  of  Marblehead  and  his  men  carried 
Washington  and  his  army  across  the  almost  impassable 
Delaware,  in  that  awful  night,  and  thus  saved  the 
Continental  army,  its  immortal  leader  and  its  glorious 
cause. 

This  incident  was  related  to  this  House  a  few  years 
later  by  General  Knox,  when,  as  a  member  from  Mar- 
blehead, he  pleaded  that  his  constituents  might  have 
the  right  to  do  banking.  He  rose  and  stated  their 
claim.  "I  am  surprised,"  he  said,  "that  Marblehead 
should  ask  so  small  a  privilege  as  that  of  banking,  and 
that  there  should  be  any  opposition  to  it.  Sir,  I  wish 
the  members  of  this  body  knew  the  people  of  Marble- 
head as  well  as  I  do.  I  could  wish  that  they  stood  on 
the  Delaware  Eiver  in  1776,  in  that  bitter  night  when 
the  Commander-in-Chief  had  drawn  up  his  little  army 
to  cross  it,  and  had  seen  the  powerful  current  bearing 
onward  the  floating  masses  of  ice  which  threatened 
destruction     to    whosoever    should    venture     upon    its 


EMBLEM  OF  THE   CODFISH.  41 

bosom.  I  wish  that  when  this  occurrence  threatened 
to  defeat  the  enterprise  they  could  have  heard  that  dis- 
tinguished warrior  demand,  '  Who  will  lead  us  on  ? ' 
and  seen  the  men  of  Marblehead,  and  Marblehead 
alone,  stand  forward  to  lead  the  army  along  the  per- 
ilous paths  to  unfading  glories  and  honors  in  the 
achievements  of  Trenton.  There,  sir,  went  the  fisher- 
men of  Marblehead,  alike  at  home  upon  land  or  water, 
alike  ardent,  patriotic  and  unflinching,  wherever  they 
unfurled  the  flag  of  their  country." 

That  plain  codfish  shall  ever  call  to  mind  the  hum- 
ble calling  which  made  these  men  able,  adventurous, 
firm  and  strong.  Their  memory  rises  to-day,  —  sad 
memory  of  cruel  death  by  storm  and  wave,  proud  and 
glorious  memory  of  death  in  victorious  battle, — and 
pleads  with  us  that  the  emblem  of  the  fisheries  in 
which  they  were  made  and  developed  to  be  a  nation's 
bulwark  and  a  nation's  arm  of  power  may  not  be  dis- 
carded and  rejected  as  unworthy  of  the  gilded  glories 
of  this  House.  They  were  men  from  our  own  coast 
and  harbors.  They  were  your  sons,  —  Gloucester,  gray 
Marblehead  and  wind-scourged  Essex.  Nay,  more, 
they  were  your  sons,  O  proud  and  beautiful,  our 
mother  State.  Their  hazards  and  brave  deeds  were  for 
your  renown ;  their  sufferings  and  death  were  for  your 
glory.  Many  of  their  names  are  graven  on  this  your 
temple.  Your  voice  has  already  spoken  throughout 
your  borders,  bidding  that  the  emblem  that  tells  of 
them  shall  be  placed  before  your  altar.  May  that 
voice  be  heeded  by  this  House  to-day. 


42  HISTORY  OF  THE 


This  emblem   speaks  in  vibrant  tones  of  danger  met 
and  glorious  victories  won.     It  tells  also  of  the  world- 
old  but  yearly  recurring  and  never-ending  story  of  the 
sorrow  and  tragedy  of  the  sea.     We  think  as  we  look 
upon  it  of  the  death  that  lives  in  the  fogs  and  ice  of 
Newfoundland  and  in  the  mighty  power  of  the  tempest 
and  plunging  waters.     We  hear  the  yearly  uttered  cry 
of  sorrow  and  of  anguish  from  Marblehead  and  Glouces- 
ter, when  the  fleet  comes  back  bringing  its  pitiful  story 
of  accident  and  death.     It  tells  us  of  the    remorseless 
sea  that  kills,   and  buries  not  its  dead ;    of  the  young 
and  strong  that  are  torn  from  life  by  crushing  ice  and 
ravenous  waves ;  of  the  widow  and  her  clinging  orphans 
set  face  to  face  with  poverty ;  of  eyes  that  weep  uncom- 
forted ;    of  hearts  that  break  and  never  mend.     It  is  a 
story  that  fish  has  told  for  over  a  hundred  years,  and 
will  tell  again  as  Ions;  as  men  go  down  to  the   sea  in 

~  CO 

ships  to  win  from  its    alluring   and   treacherous   tide  a 
living  for  those  they  love. 

For  over  a  century  that  symbol  has  hung  in  the 
House  of  Representatives,  —  for  over  a  century,  in 
which  Massachusetts  has  won  her  proud  pre-eminence 
among  the  States.  It  has  witnessed  there  the  passage 
of  all  the  wise  and  beneficent  laws  that  have  made  us 
a  model  Commonwealth, — laws  which  relieve  the  poor 
and  ignorant,  which  help  those  who  labor,  which  made 
education  the  JEgis  of  our  government  and  made  elec- 
tions  pure  and  free ;  which  did  equity  and  justice,  and 
made  for  progress  in  step  with  the  advancing  years. 
It  saw  Massachusetts  lead,   as  she  still  leads,  the  pro- 


EMBLEM  OF  THE  CODFISH. 


43 


cession    of   the    States   with    the    commanding    step    of 
conscious  and  conceded  leadership.     For,  — 

"  Wise  men  at  her  council  met, 
Who  knew  the  seasons  when  to  take 
Occasion  by  the  hand,  and  make 
The  bounds  of  freedom  wider  yet, 
By  shaping  some  august  decree, 
Broad  based  upon  the  people's  will." 

It  saw  there  Lafayette,  Kossuth  and  the  determined 
and  silent  Grant.  It  has  seen  most  of  our  governors 
inaugurated  with  formal  pomp  and  state.  It  heard 
Webster,  Choate  and  Shaw,  as  they  discussed  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  Commonwealth.  It  heard  the  matchless 
voice  of  Phillips,  as  he  pleaded  for  the  freedom  of  the 
slave  and  demanded  the  impeachment  of  the  unjust 
judge.  It  may  have  heard  Andrew,  as  he  prayed  in 
his  room  at  midnight  that  his  country  might  be  spared ; 
and  again,  after  the  sad  years,  in  the  council-room 
which  it  faces,  singing,  when  the  news  came  that 
Vicksburg  had  fallen  and  Gettysburg  was  won,  the  old 
doxology  of  thanksgiving.  It  has  heard  coming  up 
the  windows,  as  they  passed  by  the  State  House,  the 
cheering  shouts,  the  playing  bands  and  the  martial 
tread  of  marching  men,  as  Massachusetts  through  four 
long  years  sent  forth  her  chosen,  her  bravest  and  her 
tenderest  to  freedom's  war.  It  knew  when  Bartlett  of 
Pittsfield  went  by  at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  —  the 
man  in  whom  Sidney  lived,  fought  and  died  again ;  it 
heard  the  solemn,  determined  step  of  the  colored  regi- 


u 


HISTORY   OF   THE 


ment  which  Robert  Shaw  led  on,  in  hopeless  charge, 
to  death  at  Fort  Wagner.  It  saw  the  Massachusetts 
dead  brought  tenderly  back  from  Baltimore,  the  State's 
first  sacrifice  upon  the  bloody  altar  of  war.  And  then, 
when  the  war  was  over,  and  a  nation  builded  anew,  it 
saw  that  glad  home-coming  when  the  battle-flags  came 
back;  when  up  the  streets  and  past  the  cheering  thou- 
sands, and  through  the  wide  gates  of  the  capitol,  came 
the  regiments  thin  and  shattered  and  wounded,  bearing 
their  shot  and  crimsoned  flags  of  war,  and  moving  in 
a  cloud  of  glory  which  time  shall  never  dim :  — 

"Blest,  and  thrice  blest  the  Roman, 

Who  sees  Rome's  brightest  clay, 
Who  sees  that  long,  victorious  pomp 

Wind  down  the  Sacred  Way ! 
And  through  the  bellowing  Forum, 

And  round  the  suppliant's  Grove, 
Up  to  the  everlasting  gates 

Of  Capitolian  Jove." 

Is  this  emblem  said  to  be  too  common  and  plain  to 
accord  with  the  painted  splendors  of  this  place?  It  is 
no  more  common,  simple  and  plain  than  the  fathers 
who  founded  our  State.  It  tells  how  the  lowliest  may 
rise  and  win  and  rule ;  how  the  fisherman  may  be  the 
peer  of  the  marshals  of  France  and  the  admirals  of 
England.  Are  there  those  who  laugh  at  it?  It  speaks 
of  pathetic  deaths  for  many  years  in  lowly  but  honor- 
able livelihood.  Do  you  say  it  is  unimportant?  The 
ablest    of    statesmen    have    contended    about    it   at   the 


EMBLEM   OF  THE   CODFISH. 


45 


council  of  kings.  Do  you  cavil  or  deride  it?  It  tells 
you  of  victories  on  sea  and  land  which  history  crowns 
with  lustrous  and  unfading  glory,  which  our  proud 
State  tells  over  as  among  her  priceless  jewels,  which 
children  and  children  yet  unborn  shall  learn  and  tell 
to  others  with  heightening  cheeks  and  brightened  eyes. 
Let  us  never  say  —  we,  sons  of  the  weaver,  the  car- 
penter and  the  fisherman — that  the  day  of  small  things 
is  to  be  despised ;  that  the  lowly  and  plain  condition 
of  our  fathers  is  to  be  forgotten,  or  that  anything  for 
which  they  cared  or  which  they  preferred  is  not  worthy 
of  us.  Let  us  take  it  in  reverence  and  honor,  and 
place  it  on  high  as  one  of  the  proudest  decorations  of 
this  great  hall ;  and  let  it  remain  there  so  long  as  this 
State  House  shall  stand,  a  memorial  of  the  Pilgrim, 
his  privations  and  simplicity ;  an  emblem  significant  of 
the  hardiness,  courage  and  faith  of  those  who  dare  and 
defy  the  seas,  and  daily  telling  of  the  great  and  sur- 
passing glories  of  Massachusetts  and  her  sons. 


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APPENDIX. 


LIST    OF    MEMBERS 


OP  THE 


Executive  Council,  the  Senate  and  House  of 

Representatives. 


Governor  and  Council. 


HIS  EXCELLENCY 

Frederic  T.  Greenhalge  of  Lowell, 

GOVERNOR. 


HIS  HONOR 

Roger  Wolcott  of  Boston, 

LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR. 


COUNCILLORS. 

District  I. 

ZIBA  C.  KEITH of  Brockton. 

•  District  II. 

CYRUS  SAVAGE of  Taunton. 

District  III. 

FRANCIS  H.  RAYMOND  ....         of  Somerville. 

District  IV. 

JOHN   H.  SULLIVAN of  Boston. 

District  V. 

B.  FRANK  SOUTHWICK  ....         of  Peabody. 

District  VI. 

JOHN   M.   HARLOW of  Woburn. 

District  VII. 

CHARLES  E.  STEVENS of  Ware. 

District  VIII. 

ALVAN  BARRUS of  Goshen. 


SENATE. 


PRESIDENT: 

Hon.  WILLIAM    M.   BUTLER, 


New   Bedford. 


NAME. 

ADDRESS. 

DISTRICT. 

Atherton,  Horace  H., 

Saugus,  . 

Fifth  Essex. 

Atwood,  Edward  B., 

Plymouth, 

First  Plymouth. 

Bessoni,  Eugene  A.,  . 

Lynn,     . 

First  Essex. 

Bill,  Ledyard 

Paxton, 

Third  Worcester. 

Blodgett,  Percival, 

Templeton,    .         j 

Worcester  and  ] 
Hampshire.     J 

Bradford,  Edward  S., 

Springfield,    . 

First  Hampden. 

Bums,  George  J., 

Ayer,     . 

Fifth  Middlesex. 

Butler,  William  M.,   . 

New  Bedford, 

Third  Bristol. 

Corbett,  Joseph  J., 

Boston,  . 

Second  Suffolk. 

Darling,  Francis  W., 

Hyde  Park,   . 

First  Norfolk. 

Durant,  William  B.,  . 

Cambridge,    . 

Third  Middlesex. 

Foss,  Ether  S.,   . 

Lowell,  . 

SeventhMiddlesex. 

Frothingham,  Edward  G., 

Haverhill, 

Fourth  Essex. 

Fuller,  Granville  A.,  . 

Boston,  . 

Eighth  Suffolk. 

Gage,  George  L., 

Lawrence,      .       . 

Sixth  Essex. 

52 


APPENDIX. 


Senate  -  concluded. 


NAME. 

ADDRESS. 

DISTRICT. 

Galloupe,  George  A., 

Beverly, 

Second  Essex. 

Gilbride,  Michael  B., 

Boston,  . 

Third  Suffolk. 

Gray,  Robert  S., 

Walpole, 

Second  Norfolk. 

Harvey,  Edwin  B.,*  . 

Westborough, 

Second  Worcester. 

Hutchinson,  Isaac  P., 

Boston,  . 

Seventh  Suffolk. 

Lawrence,  George  P., 

North  Adams, 

Berkshire. 

Leach,  James  C, 

Bridgewater, 

Second  Plymouth. 

Maccabe,  Joseph  B.,  . 

Boston,  . 

First  Suffolk. 

Malone,  Dana,    . 

Greenfield, 

Franklin. 

McMorrow,  William  H., 

Boston,  . 

Sixth  Suffolk. 

Miller,  Joel  D.,  . 

Leominster, 

Fourth  Worcester. 

Morse,  William  A.,    . 

Tisbury, 

Cape. 

Neill,  Joseph  0., 

Fall  River, 

Second  Bristol. 

Niles,  James  P.,t 

Watertown, 

Second  Middlesex. 

Perkins,  George  W.,  . 

Somerville, 

First  Middlesex. 

Quinn,  John,  Jr., 

Boston,  . 

Fourth  Suffolk. 

Reed,  George  A., 

Framingham, 

Fourth  Middlesex. 

Ripley,  John  B., 

Chester, 

I 

Berkshire  and  ) 
Hampshire.     | 

Salisbury,  Stephen,    . 

Worcester, 

First  Worcester. 

Sanger,  George  P.,     . 

Boston,  . 

Fifth  Suffolk. 

Smith,  Sylvanus, 

Gloucester, 

Third  Essex. 

Southard,  Louis  C,    . 

Easton,  . 

First  Bristol. 

Sprague,  Charles  F.,  . 

Boston,  .        . 

Ninth  Suffolk. 

Wellman,  Arthur  H., 

Maiden, 

Sixth  Middlesex. 

Whitcomb,  Marciene  H.,   . 

nolyoke, 

Second  Hampden. 

*  Resigned  June  5,  1895. 

t  Elected  Feb.  26,  1895,  to  fill  vacancy  caused  by  death  of  Oliver  Shaw,  Senator- 


elect. 


George  v.  L.  Meyer. 
Speaker,  1894  — 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES. 


SPEAKER: 

Hon.  GEORGE  v.   L.  MEYER, 


Boston. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Allen,  Daniel  W., 

19,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Allen,  Romeo  E., 

12,  "Worcester 

Shrewsbury. 

Atsatt,  Isaiah  P., 

7,  Plymouth, 

Mattapoisett. 

Austin,  Frederick  E., 

3,  Bristol,     . 

Taunton. 

Bailey,  George  W.,   . 

4,  Berkshire, 

Pittsfield. 

Bailey,  James  A.,  Jr., 

15,  Middlesex, 

Arlington. 

Baker,  Theophilus  B., 

2,  Barnstable, 

Harwich. 

Balch.  Charles  T.,     . 

7,  Essex, 

Groveland. 

Bancroft,  Charles  G., 

13,  Worcester, 

Clinton. 

Bancroft,  Solon, 

14,  Middlesex, 

Reading. 

Barber,  Harding  R., 

1,  Worcester, 

Athol. 

Barker,  Albert  F.,     . 

3,  Plymouth, 

Hanson. 

Barnes,  Erwin  F., 

6,  Berkshire, 

West  Stockbridge. 

Barnes,  Franklin  0., 

26,  Suffolk,    . 

Chelsea. 

54 


APPENDIX. 


House  of  Representatives -continued. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Barry,  Daniel  J., 

14,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Bates,  John  L.,          .       •< 

1,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Beaman,  Algernon  T., 

4,  Worcester, 

Princeton. 

Bennett,  Frank  S.,*  . 

24,  Middlesex, 

Tyngsborough. 

Bird,  George  B., 

24,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

Bliss,  Henry  C, 

2,  Hampden, 

West  Springfield. 

Blodgett,  Benjamin  F., 

5,  Worcester, 

West  Brookfield. 

Bond,  Charles  P., 

18,  Middlesex, 

Waltham. 

Bourne,  Samuel  SM  . 

8,  Plymouth, 

Middleborough. 

Boutwell,  Harvey  L., 

9,  Middlesex, 

Maiden. 

Bradford,  Fred.  H.,  . 

18,  Middlesex, 

Waltham. 

Bradley,  Manassah  E., 

2,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Brown,  Charles  D.,  . 

10,  Essex, 

Gloucester. 

Brown,  Frederick  A., 

8,  Worcester, 

Webster. 

Bullock,  Benjamin  S., 

10,  Essex, 

Manchester. 

Burges,  William  H.,f 

2,  Plymouth, 

Kingston. 

Burt,  J.  Marshall, 

9,  Hampden, 

East  Longmeadow. 

Burt,  T.  Preston, 

3,  Bristol,     . 

Taunton. 

Carroll,  Charles  W., 

11,  Worcester, 

Milford. 

Carter,  William, 

9,  Norfolk,  . 

Needham. 

Casey,  Daniel  C, 

20,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Chandler,  Frank, 

16,  Middlesex, 

Belmont. 

Clark,  Luther  W.,     . 

4,  Franklin, 

Deerfield. 

Cochran,  James  A.,  .        ■ 

1,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Collins,  Michael  W., 

3,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Cook,  Heman  S., 

3,  Barnstable, 

Province  town. 

Cook,  Gilbert,J  . 

14,  Worcester, 

Lunenburg. 

*  Died  April  10. 


f  Died  June  5. 


J  Died  February  17. 


APPENDIX. 


55 


House  of  Representatives -continued 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Creed,  James  F., 

15,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Crane,  Ellery  B..*     . 

21,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Dallinger,  Frederick  \V., 

2,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Davis,  William  W.,  . 

21,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Denham,  Thomas  M., 

5,  Bristol,     . 

New  Bedford. 

Dickinson,  David  T-, 

1,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Donahue,  Thomas,     . 

8,  Bristol,     • 

Fall  River. 

Donovan,  Timothy  J., 

4,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Donovan,  William  F., 

8,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Donovan,  William  J., 

2,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Dow,  Harry  R., 

Oj    iiSSCXj          •             • 

Lawrence. 

Drew,  William  H.,    . 

1,  Plymouth, 

Plymouth. 

Driscoll,  Daniel  M.,  . 

12,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Driscoll,  William  P., 

12,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Drury,  Levi  A., 

3,  Essex, 

Bradford. 

Duddy,  Robert, 

7,  Middlesex, 

Somerville. 

Eddy,  George  M.,     . 

6,  Bristol,     . 

New  Bedford. 

Edgarton,  Henry, 

32,  Middlesex, 

Shirley. 

Edgerton,  Albert  H., 

5,  Worcester, 

Sturbridge. 

Eldredge,  Alpheus  M., 

11,  Plymouth, 

Brockton. 

Estes,  Benjamin  F.,  . 

19,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Fallon,  Thomas  F.,   . 

19,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Ferson,  Clarentine  E., 

15,  Worcester, 

Fitchburg. 

Fillmore,  Wellington, 

2,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Fisk,  Henry  H., 

1,  Barnstable, 

Dennis. 

Flint,  James  H.,t 

5,  Norfolk,  . 

Weymouth. 

Flint,  Silas  W., . 

13,  Middlesex, 

Wakefield. 

*  Elected  to  succeed  Henry  Y.  Simpson,  deceased. 


f  Resigned  June  5,  1895. 


56 


APPENDIX. 


House  of  Representatives-continued. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Flynn,  Joseph  J., 

4,  Essex, 

Lawrence. 

Foote,  William  H.,    . 

2,  Hampden, 

Westfield. 

Ford,  William  E.,     . 

23,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Foss,  Otis, 

1,  Dukes, 

Cottage  City. 

Fowle,  George  E., 

14,  Middlesex, 

Woburn. 

French,  Zenas  A., 

6,  Norfolk,   . 

Holbrook. 

Gallivan,  James  A.,  . 

13,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Gardner,  John  J., 

1,  Nantucket, 

Nantucket. 

Gauss,  John  D.  H.,   . 

13,  Essex, 

Salem. 

Gaylord,  Henry  E.,  . 

3,  Hampshire, 

South  Hadley. 

Geary,  Michael  P.,    . 

13,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

George,  Samuel  W., . 

2,  Essex, 

Haverhill. 

Gillingham,  James  L., 

4,  Bristol,     . 

Fairhaven. 

Goodrich,  Charles  W., 

3,  Berkshire, 

Hinsdale. 

Graham,  William  T., 

5,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

Grant,  Alexander,     . 

5,  Hampden, 

Chicopee. 

Gray,  Joshua  S., 

5,  Plymouth, 

Rockland. 

Greenwood,  Abner,  . 

27,  Middlesex, 

Ashland. 

Grover,  Thomas  E.,  . 

4,  Norfolk,  . 

Canton. 

Hale,  Edward  A., 

8,  Essex, 

Newburyport. 

Hammond,  Charles  L.,     . 

5,  Norfolk,  . 

Quincy. 

Hammond,  George,  . 

7,  Worcester, 

Charlton. 

Harlow,  Franklin  P., 

6,  Plymouth, 

Whitman. 

Harrington,  James  L.,*    . 

14,  Worcester, 

Lunenburg. 

Harvey,  Benjamin  C, 

8,  Hampden, 

Springfield. 

Harwood,  Albert  L., 

17,  Middlesex, 

Newton  Centre. 

Hastings,  Samuel,     . 

2,  Franklin, 

Warwick. 

*  Elected  to  succeed  Gilbert  Cook,  deceased. 


APPENDIX. 


57 


House  of  Representatives -continued. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Hathaway,  Bowers  C, 

12,  Worcester, 

Westborough. 

Hathaway,  Frederic  W.,  . 

12,  Plymouth, 

Brockton. 

Hawkes,  Wesley  0., 

31,  Middlesex, 

Westford. 

Hayes,  William  H.  I., 

24,  Middlesex, 

Lowell. 

Hibbard,  George  A., . 

IS,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Higgins,  Sumner  C, . 

4,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Hoban,  Thomas  F.,  . 

25,  Middlesex, 

Lowell. 

Holden,  Joshua  B.,   . 

11,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Holland,  Timothy,     . 

19,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Hollis,  J.  Edward,    . 

17,  Middlesex, 

Newton. 

Holt,  E.  Clarence,     . 

3,  Bristol,     . 

Taunton. 

Horan,  John  G., 

15.  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

Howe,  Louis  P., 

29,  Middlesex, 

Marlborough. 

Humphrey,  Henry  D., 

1,  Norfolk,  . 

Dedham. 

Huse,  Caleb  B., 

S,  Essex, 

Newburyport. 

Hutchinson,  W.  Henry, 

20,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Irwin,  Richard  W.,  . 

1,  Hampshire, 

Northampton. 

Ives,  Dwight  H., 

3,  Hampden, 

Holyoke. 

Jenks,  William  S.,    . 

2,  Berkshire, 

Adams. 

Johnson,  Edward  P., 

18,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Jones,  George  R,., 

11,  Middlesex, 

Melrose. 

Jordan,  Cyrus  A., 

14,  Essex, 

Salem. 

Jourdan,  Benjamin  A., 

10,  Worcester, 

Upton. 

Kaan,  Frank  W., 

G,  Middlesex, 

Somerville. 

Keenan,  James, 

16,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Keenan,  Thomas  F., 

8,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

Kellogg,  John  E., 

15,  Worcester, 

Fitchburg. 

58 


APPENDIX. 


House  of  Representatives-continued. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Kimball,  William  G., 

2,  Hampshire, 

Huntington. 

Kingman,  Francis  M., 

9,  Plymouth, 

East  Bridgewater. 

Knox,  Joseph  B., 

22,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Krebbs,  Franz  H.,  Jr  , 

17,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Lawrence,  Amos  A., 

4,  Plymouth, 

Cohasset. 

Leach,  George  A.,     . 

28,  Middlesex, 

Wayland. 

Leach,  Osgood  L., 

3,  Franklin, 

Northfield. 

Leach,  "Warren  S.,     . 

2,  Bristol,     . 

Raynham. 

Light,  Charles  F., 

3,  Norfolk,  . 

Hyde  Park. 

Lowell,  Francis  C,   . 

11,  Suflolk,    . 

Boston. 

Lynch,  John  M., 

4,  Essex, 

Lawrence. 

Macomber,  John  A.,  2d, 

7,  Bristol,     . 

Westport. 

Mann,  Hugo, 

5,  Franklin, 

Buekland. 

Marden,  William  H., 

12,  Middlesex, 

Stoneham. 

Mayo,  Samuel  N .,     . 

8,  Middlesex, 

Medford. 

McCarthy,  Jeremiah  J., 

4,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

McMackin,  Bernard, 

7,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Melaven,  James  F.,  . 

20,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Mellcn,  George  H.,    . 

23,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Mellen,  James  H., 

19,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Meyer,  George  v.  L., 

9,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Mills,  Charles  E.,      . 

9,  Bristol,     . 

Fall  River. 

Mitchell,  Samuel  H., 

25,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Mooney,  Joseph  F.,  . 

8,  Bristol, 

Fall  River. 

Moore,  E.  Lewis, 

28,  Middlesex, 

Framingham. 

Moran,  William, 

8,  Bristol,     . 

Fall  River. 

Moriarty,  Eugene  M., 

18,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

APPENDIX. 


59 


House  of  Representatives- continued. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Mulvey,  Mark  B., 

22,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Murphy,  Timothy  F., 

7,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Myers,  James  J., 

1,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Newell,  Herbert, 

1,  Franklin, 

Shelburne. 

Newell,  Richard, 

1,  Essex, 

West  Newbury. 

Newhall,  George  H., 

17,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Newhall,  John  B.,     . 

18,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Norton,  Joseph  J.,     . 

14,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

O'Brien,  Michael  J., 

5,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

O'Connor,  John  J.,    . 

23,  Middlesex, 

Lowell. 

O'Hara,  John  M., 

3,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

Osgood,  L.  Edgar,     . 

6,  Essex, 

North  Andover. 

Parker,  Theodore  K., 

2,  Worcester, 

Winchendon. 

Penniman,  George  "W., 

10,  Plymouth, 

Brockton. 

Perkins,  Lyman  H.,  . 

6,  Hampden, 

Springfield. 

Phelps,  Carlton  T.  *  . 

1,  Berkshire, 

North  Adams. 

Pinkham,  Edward  \V., 

17,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Porter,  Burrill,  Jr.,    . 

1,  Bristol,     . 

No.  Attleborough. 

Porter,  George  W.,    . 

7,  Norfolk,   . 

Avon. 

Porter,  J.  Frank, 

22,  Essex,      . 

Danvers. 

Prevaux,  John  J., 

1,  Essex, 

Amesbury. 

Putnam,  George  E.,  . 

22,  Middlesex, 

Lowell. 

Quint,  Nicolas  M.,     . 

21,  Essex, 

Peabody. 

Quirk,  Charles  I., 

20,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Rice,  Henry  F., 

9,  Worcester, 

Sutton. 

Richardson,  Robert  A., 

3,  Essex, 

Haverhill. 

Roberts,  Ernest  W., 

27,  Suffolk,    . 

Chelsea. 

*  Resigned  June  5,  1895. 


60 


APPENDIX. 


House  of  Representatives-continued. 


NAME 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Roe,  Alfred  S.,  . 

16,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Root,  Silas  B.,   . 

1,  Hampden, 

Granville. 

Roper,  George  A.,     . 

24,  Middlesex, 

Lowell. 

Ross,  Samuel,    . 

5,  Bristol,     . 

New  Bedford. 

Rourke,  Daniel  D.,    . 

6,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Rourke,  Fred  H., 

21,  Middlesex, 

Lowell. 

Russell,  George  G.,  . 

15,  Essex, 

Salem. 

Ryan,  James  F., 

16,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Ryder,  Martin  F., 

6,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Sargent,  Charles  F.,  . 

5,  Essex, 

Lawrence. 

Scates,  George  M., 

21,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Searls,  William  P.,    . 

17,  Worcester, 

Worcester. 

Shea,  John  T.,  . 

3,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Sheehan,  John  F., 

4,  Hampden, 

Holyoke. 

Shepherd,  William, 

20,  Essex, 

Lynn. 

Sibley,  Frank  M., 

5,  Hampshire, 

Ware. 

Sisson,  Henry  D., 

7,  Berkshire, 

New  Marlborough. 

Slade,  David  F., 

9,  Bristol,     . 

Fall  River. 

Sleeper,  George  T., 

27,  Suffolk,     . 

Winthrop. 

Smith,  Albert  C, 

18,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Smith,  Henry  M., 

5,  Berkshire, 

Lee. 

Snow,  George  F., 

20,  Middlesex, 

Chelmsford. 

Southworth,  Amasa  E., 

5,  Middlesex, 

Somerville . 

Spalding,  Warren  F., 

4,  Middlesex, 

Cambridge. 

Spofford,  John  C, 

10,  Middlesex, 

Everett. 

Spring,  Arthur  L.,     . 

10,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Stanley,  Fred  D., 

6,  Bristol, 

New  Bedford. 

APPENDIX. 


61 


House  of  Representatives -continued. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Stevens,  Ezra  A., 

9,  Middlesex, 

Maiden. 

St.  John,  Thomas  E., 

2,  Essex, 

Haverhill. 

Stocker,  Joseph  W.,  • 

12,  Essex, 

Beverly. 

Stone,  Daniel  D., 

9,  Essex, 

Hamilton. 

Strong,  Homer  0.,    . 

1,  Hampshire, 

Southampton. 

Sturtevant,  Charles  F., 

23,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

Tarr,  George  J., 

10,  Essex, 

Gloucester. 

Teamoh,  Robert  T.,  . 

9,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Thacher,  Josiah  P.,  . 

30,  Middlesex, 

Littleton. 

Thurston,  Lyman  D., 

6,  Worcester, 

Leicester. 

Tolman,  William, 

4,  Berkshire, 

Pittsfield. 

Tower,  Henry,  . 

29,  Middlesex, 

Hudson. 

Towle,  William  W., 

17,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Tuite,  Michael,  . 

11,  Worcester, 

Blackstone. 

Turner,  Arthur  H.,    . 

13,  Worcester, 

Harvard. 

Turner,  George  W.,* 

6,  Hampden, 

Springfield. 

Tuttle,  John  E., 

24,  Suffolk,    . 

Boston. 

Utley,  Charles  H.,     . 

2,  Norfolk,  . 

Brook  line. 

Wadden,  Frank  L.,   . 

16,  Essex, 

Marblehead. 

Waite,  Gilman, . 

2,  Worcester, 

Templeton. 

Wakefield,  Charles  E., 

4,  Hampshire, 

Amherst. 

Wales,  George  A.,     . 

7,  Norfolk,  . 

Stoughton. 

Wallis,  Horace  E.,    . 

10,  Hampden, 

Holland. 

Warriner,  Stephen  C, 

8,  Hampden, 

Springfield. 

Waterman,  George  B., 

1,  Berkshire, 

Williamstown. 

Wentworth,  George  L.,     . 

5,  Norfolk,    . 

Weymouth. 

Weston,  Clarence  P., 

10,  Suffolk,     . 

Boston. 

*  Elected  to  succeed  Joseph  L.  Shipley,  deceased. 


62 


APPENDIX. 


House  of  Representatives-concluded. 


NAME. 

DISTRICT. 

ADDRESS. 

Wheaton,  Mark  0.,  . 

1,  Bristol,     . 

Attleborough. 

Whitaker,  Elbridge  J., 

8,  Norfolk,   . 

Wrentham. 

White,  George  E.,     . 

1,  Barnstable, 

Sandwich. 

White,  William  S.,   . 

8,  Norfolk,  . 

Foxborough, 

Wiley,  Albert  L., 

3,  Worcester, 

Hardwick. 

Willard,  Edward  E., 

26,  Suffolk,    . 

Chelsea. 

Wilson,  Edward  H  , 

26,  Middlesex, 

Natick. 

Winn,  John, 

19,  Middlesex, 

Woburr> . 

Wood,  Henry  0., 

10,  Bristol,     . 

Swanzey. 

Woodfall,  J.  Loring, 

11,  Essex, 

Rockport. 

Young,  Charles  L  ,    . 

7,  Hampden, 

Springfield. 

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